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→=== Principle of least astonishment ===: Add Principle of Some Astonishment |
→=== Principle of least astonishment ===: shorter sections are more readable ? |
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The lead should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic, identifying the topic, establishing context, and explaining why the topic is [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]]. The first few sentences should mention the most notable features of the article's subject – the essential facts that every reader should know. Significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article; the article should provide further details on all the things mentioned in the lead. Each major section in the article should be represented with an appropriate summary in the lead, including any prominent controversies; but be careful not to violate [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|WP:Neutral point of view]] by giving undue attention to less important controversies, information, or praise in the lead section. As in the body of the article itself, the emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly [[WP:DUE|reflect its importance to the topic]], according to [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable, published sources]].
=== Paragraphs ===
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{{seealso|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Paragraphs}}
Paragraphs should be short enough to be readable, but long enough to develop an idea. Paragraphs should deal with a particular point or idea
Some paragraphs are really [[Help:table|tables]] or [[Help:List|lists]] in disguise. They should be rewritten as prose or converted to their unmasked form. [[Wikipedia:When to use tables]] and [[Wikipedia:Embedded list]] offer guidance on the proper use of these elements.
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Headings are hierarchical. The article's title uses a level 1 heading, so you should start with a level 2 heading (<code><nowiki>==Heading==</nowiki></code>) and follow it with lower levels: <code><nowiki>===Subheading===</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>====Subsubheading====</nowiki></code>, and so forth. Whether extensive subtopics should be kept on one page or moved to individual pages is a matter of personal judgment. See also below under [[#Summary style|§ Summary style]].
Headings should not contain [[help:link#Wikilinks|
=== Images ===
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{{seealso|Wikipedia:Article size}}
When
=== Articles covering subtopics ===
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Two styles, closely related and not mutually exclusive, tend to be used for Wikipedia articles. The [[Tone (literature)|tone]], however, should always remain [[:wiktionary:formal|formal]], [[:wiktionary:impersonal|impersonal]], and [[:wiktionary:dispassionate|dispassionate]].
These styles are
* ''Summary style'', which is the arrangement of a broad topic into a main article and side articles, each with subtopical sections, and
* ''Inverted pyramid style'' (or ''news style''), which places key information at the top, followed by supporting material and details, with background information at the bottom.
A feature of both styles, and of all Wikipedia articles, is the presence of the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|lead section]], a summarizing overview of the most important facts about the topic. The [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infobox]] template found at the top of many articles is a further distillation of key points.
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The exact organizing principle of a particular summary-style article is highly context-dependent, with various options, such as chronological, geographical, and alphabetical (primarily in lists), among others.
Some examples of summary style are the former featured articles ''[[Association football]]'' and ''[[Music of the Lesser Antilles]]''.
=== Inverted pyramid ===
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{{see also|Wikipedia:Too long; didn't read}}
{{shortcut|WP:PYRAMID}}
Some
Encyclopedia articles {{em|are not required}} to be in inverted pyramid order and often are not, especially
The lead section
▲Encyclopedia articles {{em|are not required}} to be in inverted pyramid order and often are not, especially when their substance is detailed and their structure is highly granular. However, a familiarity with this convention may help in planning the style and layout of an article for which this approach is a good fit. Inverted-pyramid style is most often used with articles in which a chronological, geographical, or other order will not be helpful. Common examples are short-term events, concise biographies of persons notable for only one thing, and other articles where there are not likely to be many logical subtopics, but a number of facts to prioritize for the reader.
▲The lead section common to all Wikipedia articles is, in essence, a limited application of the inverted pyramid approach. Virtually all [[WP:Stub|stub]] articles should be created in inverted-pyramid style, since they basically consist of just a lead section. Consequently, many articles begin as inverted-pyramid pieces and change to summary style later as the topic develops, often combining the approaches by retaining a general inverted pyramid structure, but dividing the background material subtopically, with summary pointers to other articles. The subtopic sections can also be constructed using inverted pyramid structure so that readers skimming the sections get the most important information first before moving to the next section.
=== Tone<span id="WPMOSTONE"></span><span id="WPSLANG"></span> ===
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{{See also|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Impartial tone|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Tone}}
[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, textbook, or scientific journal|Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, textbook, or scientific journal]]. Articles and other encyclopedic content should be written in a formal [[Tone (literature)|tone]]. Standards for formal tone vary depending upon the subject matter but should usually match the style used in [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured]]- and [[Wikipedia:Good articles|Good]]-class articles in the same category. Encyclopedic writing has a fairly academic approach, while remaining clear and understandable. Formal tone means that the article should not be written using [[argot]], [[slang]], [[colloquialism]]s, [[doublespeak]], [[legalese]], or [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Technical language|jargon]] that is unintelligible to an average reader; it means that the English language should be used in a [[:Wiktionary:businesslike|businesslike]] manner (e.g. use "{{xt|feel}}" or "{{xt|atmosphere}}" instead of "{{!xt|
==== Use of pronouns<span id="Use of pronouns"></span><span id="Pronouns"></span><span id="WPPRONOUN"></span><span id="WPPRONOUNS"></span><span id="WPNARRATOR"></span><span id="WPDONTNARRATE"></span> ====
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{{shortcut|WP:PRONOUN|WP:PRONOUNS|WP:NARRATOR}}
Articles should not be written from a
There can be exceptions to these guidelines. For instance, the "[[Clusivity|inclusive ''we'']]" widely used in professional mathematics writing is sometimes used to present and explain examples in articles, although discouraged on Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Writing style in mathematics|even for that subject]].
Avoid gendered language when possible. For example, write {{Xt|the children}} or {{Xt|the actors}} rather than {{!xt|the boys and girls}} or {{!xt|the actors and actresses}}. Use the [[Singular they|singular ''they'']] instead of the [[Generic he|generic ''he'']], or write sentences in plural. {{Crossref|See {{slink|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Identity}} and [[Wikipedia:Gender-neutral language]] for further advice.}}
==== News style or persuasive writing<span id="WPNEWSSTYLE"></span><span id="WPPERSUASIVE"></span><span id="WP:NOPERSUASIVE"></span> ====
{{shortcut|WP:NEWSSTYLE|WP:PERSUASIVE}}
Similarly, avoid
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of styles
!{{No|}} News style
!
!{{Yes|}} Encyclopedic style
|-
|At a press conference on Monday evening, Sue Speaker, the spokesperson for the agency, announced that the investigation would officially be closed the next day.
|The recently closed investigation demonstrates again why everyone should support restrictions on social media use by children and teenagers, since it harms their privacy, safety, finances, and mental health.
|The investigation was closed.
|}
==== Colloquial, emphatic, or poetic language<span id="WPCOLLOQUIAL"></span><span id="WPCONVERSATIONAL"></span><span id="WPEMPHATIC"></span><span id="WPFORMAL"></span><span id="WPINFORMAL"></span><span id="WPPOETIC"></span> ====
{{shortcut|WP:COLLOQUIAL|WP:COLLOQUIALISM|WP:EMPHATIC|WP:FORMAL|WP:INFORMAL|WP:POETIC}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Editorializing|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Euphemisms}}
Another error of writing approach is attempting to make bits of material "pop" (an [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue weight]] problem), such as with excessive [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Emphasis|emphasis]], over-[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters|capitalization]], use of [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Contractions|contractions]], unnecessary [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations|acronyms and other abbreviations]], the inclusion of [[Hyperbole|hyperbolic]] adjectives and adverbs, or the use of unusual synonyms or [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch|loaded words]].
An extreme example of hyperbole and emphatic language taken from [[Special:Permalink/932854447|Star Canopus diving accident]] as of 28 December 2019 (fixed in the next two revisions) read:
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:{{xt|Both divers survived the 294-foot fall.}}
See [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch]] for other examples. Avoid using words and phrases like ''{{!xt|terrible}}'', ''{{!xt|rising star}}'', ''{{!xt|curiously}}'', ''{{!xt|championed the likes of}}'', or ''{{!xt|on the other side of the pond}}'', unless part of a quotation or stated as an external viewpoint.
Punctuation marks that appear in the article should be used only per generally accepted practice. [[Exclamation mark]]s (!) should be used only if they occur in direct quotations.
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Remember that every Wikipedia article is tightly connected to a network of other topics. Establishing such connections via wikilink is a good way to establish context. Because Wikipedia is not a long, ordered sequence of carefully categorized articles like a paper encyclopedia, but a collection of randomly accessible, highly interlinked ones, each article should contain links to more ''general'' subjects that serve to [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categorize]] the article. When creating links, do not go overboard, and be careful to make your links relevant. It is not necessary to link the same term twelve times (although if it appears in the lead, then near the end, it might be a good idea to link it twice).
Avoid making your articles [[Wikipedia:Orphan|orphans]]. When you write a new article, make sure that one or more other pages link to it, to lessen the chances that your article will be orphaned through someone else's
=== State the obvious ===
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=== The rest of the lead section ===
If the article is long enough for the lead section to contain several paragraphs, then the first paragraph should be short and to the point, with a clear explanation of what the subject of the page is. The following paragraphs should give a summary of the article. They should provide an overview of the main points the article will make, summarizing the primary reasons for the subject matter being interesting or notable, including its more important controversies, if there are any.
=== "Lead follows body" ===
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{{shortcut|WP:NONENGLISHTITLE}}
Non-English words in the English-language Wikipedia should be written in ''italics'', with the exception of non-Latin scripts such as Greek, Cyrillic, and Chinese. Non-English words should be used as titles for entries [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)|only as a last resort]]. Again, see [[Perestroika]].
English title terms taken from a language that does not use the Roman alphabet can include the native spelling in parentheses. See, for example, [[I Ching]] ({{zh|t=易經|s=易经|p=Yìjīng}}) or [[Sophocles]] ({{langx|grc|Σοφοκλ??}}). The native spelling is useful for precisely identifying foreign words, since transliterations may be inaccurate or ambiguous. Foreign terms within the article body do not need native spellings if they can be specified as title terms in separate articles; just link to the appropriate article on first occurrence.
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=== Principle of least astonishment ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Wikipedia:Redirect]] -->
{{
{{seealso|WP:NOTWHATFIRSTCOMESTOMIND|MOS:BOLDREDIRECT|WP:R#ASTONISH|WP:Principle of Some Astonishment}}
{{shortcut|WP:PLA|WP:LEAST|WP:ASTONISH|WP:SURPRISE}}
When the [[principle of least astonishment]] is successfully employed, information is understood by the reader without struggle. The average reader should not be shocked, surprised, or confused by what they read. Do not use provocative language. Instead, offer information gently. Use consistent vocabulary in parts that are technical and difficult. To work out which parts of the sentence are going to be difficult for the reader, try to put yourself in the position of a reader hitherto uninformed on the subject.
You should plan your page structure and links so that everything appears reasonable and makes sense. A link should not take readers to somewhere other than where they thought it would go. Avoid [[WP:EASTEREGG|Easter-egg links]], which require the reader to open them before understanding what's going on. Instead, use a [[appositive|short phrase or a few words]] to describe what the link will refer to once it's opened.
Similarly, make sure that concepts being used as the basis for further discussion have already been defined or linked to a proper article. Explain causes before consequences and make sure your logical sequence is clear and sound, especially to the layperson. Ensure that [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirects]] and [[Wikipedia:Hatnote|hatnotes]] that are likely to be useful are in place. ▼
▲Similarly, make sure that concepts being used as the basis for further discussion have already been defined or linked to a proper article. Explain causes before consequences and make sure your logical sequence is clear and sound, especially to the layperson.
We cannot control all astonishment – the point of an encyclopedia is to learn things, after all. But limiting the surprises our readers find within our articles' text will encourage rather than frustrate our readers.
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Phrases such as '''''refers to''''', ''is the name of'', ''describes'', or ''is a term for'' are sometimes used inappropriately in the first sentence of Wikipedia articles.
For
For example, the article [[Computer architecture]] once began with the sentence, "{{!xt|'''Computer architecture''' refers to the theory behind the design of a computer.}}"
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[[WP:Disambiguation|Disambiguation pages]] ''mention'' the term, so in such cases it is correct to write "{{xt|'''Great Schism''' may refer to either of two schisms in the history of Christianity: ...}}". However, a [[WP:What is an article?|content article]] should read "{{xt|There have been two '''Great Schisms''' in the history of Christianity}}".
{{anchor|ISWHEN|IS WHEN}}{{shortcut|WP:ISWHEN}}
Similarly, use of the term '''''is when''''' is discouraged in the first sentence, as it may be imprecise, produce vague or circular definitions, or define a term using a time clause when time is not central to the definition. Instead, use a strong [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] like '''''is''''', followed by a [[noun phrase]].
For example, the article [[Nuchal cord]] once began with the sentence, "{{!xt|A '''nuchal cord''' is when the [[umbilical cord]] becomes wrapped around the [[fetus]]'s neck.}}" However, timing has nothing to do with the definition. It is better to say, "{{xt|A '''nuchal cord''' is a condition in which the [[umbilical cord]] becomes wrapped around the [[fetus]]'s neck.}}"
=== Check your facts === <!-- This section is linked from [[Wikipedia:Check your facts]] -->
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